The geographical origin, refugia, and diversification of honey bees (Apis spp.) based on biogeography and niche modeling

An understanding of the origin and formation biodiversity distribution patterns can provide a theoretical foundation for conservation. In this study, phylogeny biogeography analyses based on mitochondrial genomes niche modeling occurrence records were performed to test hypotheses center origin, diversification, glacial refugia honey bees (Apis spp.). The results suggest that Apis genus originated from tropical Asia during Miocene, in which Sundaland was ancestral region most clusters refuge A. cerana andreniformis. diversification rate declined with time, climate change may have potential impact suitable regions future. This study advances our response, bees.